Gender Equality and
sustainable Development
"It is a crime
against humanity that all women are confined within the four walls of their
homes like prisoners. They should stand side by side with men as their
companions and in all spheres of life" (Quaid-i-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah).
Pakistan is a home of 208 million people.
Almost half of the population consists of females. For healthy and progressive society
neglecting this crucial half of the population is counterproductive. Women’s
role is unacknowledged and presumed that both the genders are not treated
equally. Notwithstanding, both the genders do have equal opportunities but
there are several cultural, social, and domestic constraints which are
abstaining females to participate in the society.
Equality in both sexes is essential to achieve
sustainable development. In a sustainable society women and men enjoy the same
level of opportunities. That the access to all kind of resources are equally
distributed as well as participation in economic activity and decision making is
equal.
Sustainable development goals call for just
society for sustainable development. It emphasizes on prosperity and peace
which is not possible until we achieve gender equality in all its dimensions;
social, economic and environment.
Gender equality has several aspects; in house
equality, work equality, resources equality etc. Preference for boys over girls is a common form of
gender inequality exists in the developing nations such as India. Male-dominated
societies have gender inequality that can manifest in the form of the parents
wanting the newborn to be a boy rather than a girl. Unfortunately, sex-selective
abortions have become common in countries such as China and South Korea,
nonetheless, in Pakistan it is not a big problem.
Although education is vital for both
boys and girls especially in Islamic perspective. However, due to resource
constraints and lack of facilities people do not send their girls to schools.
This is one of the reasons that despite having equal number of schools our girl’s
enrollment ratio is below than boys. Albeit, primary enrollment general gap is decreasing,
and ratio currently stands at 0.91.
Female labour force participation is 20
percent according to Labour
Force Survey 2017-18 compare to male labour participation
rate 68 percent. Lower female labour force participation has numerous reason
such as restriction
on physical mobility outside home. Several
interconnected factors restrict women’s mobility outside the home, among them
(i) social, cultural, and religious norms;(ii) safety and crime; and (iii)the
quality of available transport services. Moreover, Isran
and Isran (2012) concluded that female employment is also
constrained due to the non-availability of self-employment opportunities or the
existence of culture inhibitions in seeking lower status, and low waged
employment outside the household. Therefore, civil society as well as NRSP and
Akhuwat foundation are giving loans to women for businesses. Several incubation
centers are working on the female entrepreneurship. Moreover, several female
training institutes and universities were established to mitigate the social,
cultural and religious norms.
Another unequal behavior which was presumed is the ownership of
property. SDGs Goal 5, Target 5.A. asks all countries to undertake reforms to
give equal rights to economic resources as well as ownership and control over
land and other form of property. SDPI paper reported that 89
percent women have the right to own land according to the Islam/Sharia law. While
80 percent women also control land as well. Rest of the 20 percent do not
control it because it is difficult to manage land due to customs and
traditions, or/and they have lacked the competence, knowledge and skills to
manage land. Paper reported that on surface it seemed that a significant
majority of men were in favor of women’s land rights, nonetheless, it is not
apparent from the societal values and civil society stories. A Meta-Analysis shows that land-inequality negatively affects
economic growth, especially at low development levels. The association is lower
in short run but higher in the long run due to credit constraints and
institutional mechanisms.
The situation which was bad few decades ago has been continuously
improving for women in Pakistan. For instance, All Pakistan Ulema
Council recently
issued fatwas denouncing "honour killings".
Women are now joining different profession such as more recently, women are
joining police force as high ranked officers, they are now fighter pilots,
firefighters, sportswomen in almost all sports from boxing to cricket.
United Nations 2030 agenda which was adopted by Pakistan’s
parliaments in 2016 has Goal 5 which elucidates several dimensions of gender
issues. It says that we need to ensure legal framework exists and implemented
that promoted non-discrimination based on sex. Every province has pass several
acts to end discriminatory behavior based on sex, race and ethnicity. It
strictly advocates against the physical, sexual and psychosocial violence
against women and girls as well as forced and early marriages and female
genital mutilation. Although the problem of physical, sexual and psychological
abuse exists however by making several acts in the parliaments after 2016
especially and implementing the strict rules of law and we are controlling it
as much as possible. Recent PDHS 2017-18 reports decline in
violence against women that is a positive sign and it will be completely
eradicated by stringent implementation of rule of law that protects women from
all kinds of violence. Bolo helpline and Women’s safety app along with several
acts and laws
Women has significant but unacknowledged presence
at all levels of nation building. Target 5.4 suggests recognizing and value
unpaid care and domestic work. In this way one can recognize women’s
contribution in a more visible and rewarding way.
Target 5.5 realizes us that not just home
rather women’s roles is as much important in higher-level decision-making
process. Therefore, it emphasizes on the full and effective participation and
equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in
political, economic and public life. In national assembly 18 percent are the
female representatives who raises their voices expressively in all the standing
committees. Moreover, female percentage is increasing at the managerial level
positions at different corporate firms.
Health related issues are in general discussed
in Goal 3 of Sustainable Development Goals. Nevertheless, Target 5.6
specifically, illustrates universal access to sexual and reproductive health
and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of
the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing
Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences.
Pakistan has been progressing on it by making laws, giving awareness and
changing habits of people towards it.
From the above discussion, it is unambiguous to say that empowerment
is the first step to achieve gender equality. It starts with awareness raising
to both men and women on numerous aspects including harassment, assaults, land
distribution, financial inclusions etc. It creates and increases decision
making power that consequently raises the standard of living as well overall
economic, social development.
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